The operations and managements of diesel generator柴油發(fā)電機(jī)的操作與管理
I. The purposes of operational training
一、操作訓(xùn)練目的
Through operational training students can master manual operations of starting and stopping diesel and manual operations about paralleling, transferring load and distributing load, and be familiar with operational and managing attentive items very well.
通過操作訓(xùn)練，使學(xué)員熟練掌握柴油機(jī)的手動(dòng)起動(dòng)及停車操作，井能掌握發(fā)電機(jī)組手動(dòng)并 車、負(fù)載轉(zhuǎn)移及分配的操作，熟知操作及管理中的注意事項(xiàng)。
II. The operational contents
二、操作內(nèi)容
(1) Manual operations of starting and stopping diesel；(1) 柴油機(jī)手動(dòng)起動(dòng)及停車操作；
(2) Manual operations about paralleling, transferring load and distributing load；(2) 發(fā)電機(jī)組手動(dòng)并車、負(fù)載轉(zhuǎn)移及分配操作；(3) Generator’s switch-off and its stop,(3) 發(fā)電機(jī)組的解列及停車。
?、? Training equipment
三、訓(xùn)練設(shè)備
Type 4135-50 kW diesel generator-two sets; automatic electric station-one unit.
自動(dòng)化機(jī)艙柴油發(fā)電機(jī)組(4135-50 kW)兩臺(tái)，自動(dòng)化電站一座。
IV. Technical parameters of 4135-50 diesel generator四、4135-50柴油機(jī)技術(shù)參數(shù)
Type：4153 G
型號(hào)：4153 G
Cylinder diameter： 135 mm
缸徑：135 mm
Rated power：58. 8 kW
額定功率：58. 8 kW
Stroke： 140 mm
沖程：140 mm
Speed： 1500 r/min
轉(zhuǎn)速：1500 r/min
Firing sequence : 1 - 3 - 4 - 2
發(fā)火順序：1 -3 -4 -2
Compression ratio : 16. 5
壓縮比：16.5
Cylinder number:4
缸數(shù):4
Valve timing (crank angle):
配氣相位（以曲軸轉(zhuǎn)角計(jì)）：
Inlet valve：
進(jìn)氣閥：
Open timing(BTDC) : 20°±6°
開啟始點(diǎn)（上止點(diǎn)前）：20°±6°
Closure timing(ABDC) : 48°±6°
關(guān)閉終點(diǎn)（下止點(diǎn)后）：48°±6°
Maximum valve lift (mm): 14.5
氣門最大升程(mm) ：14.5
Cool clearance( mm) ： 0. 25 ~0. 30
冷車間隙（mm) ：0.25-0.30
Exhaust valve：
排氣閥：
Open timing(BBDC) : 48°±6°
開啟始點(diǎn)（下止點(diǎn)前）：48°±6°
Closure timing(ATDG) : ±6°
關(guān)閉終點(diǎn)（上止點(diǎn)后）：20°±6°
Maximum valve lifting( mm) ： 14. 5
氣門最大升程（mm)： 14. 5
Cool clearance(mm) ： 0. 30 ~0. 35
冷車間隙（mm) =0.30 ~0. 35
V. The processes of practical operation (for 4135-50 diesel generator)五、實(shí)操過程（以下使用機(jī)為4135-50型柴油機(jī)）1. Start and stop diesel engine
1.柴油機(jī)的起動(dòng)、停車操作
(1) Preparations
(1)起動(dòng)前的準(zhǔn)備
?、?Check up each part of diesel engine carefully and ensure all being in order, if abnormal matters are found, settle them immediately.
① 檢查柴油機(jī)各部分是否正常,各附件連接是否可靠，并排除不正?，F(xiàn)象。
?、?Inspect the connections of starting system’s electric circuit, meanwhile, examine storage battery’s capability and voltage to ensure all is normal.
?、?檢查電起動(dòng)系統(tǒng)電路接線是否正確，蓄電池電量是否充足，電壓值是否正常。
?、?Add lube oil to crankcase up to required oil level.
?、?向油底殼內(nèi)加注機(jī)油至規(guī)定油面位置。
?、?Inspect cooling water system to ensure relevant valves have been opened.
?、?檢查冷卻系統(tǒng)，閥門是否打開。
?、?Open and loosen air vents fixed in the combined fuel oil pump or loosen air plugs assembled on the top of fine filter, then use and press manual oil pump assembled in fuel oil pump to clear off air existing in the fuel oil system. Screw plugs tightly until fuel oil flows from them.
?、?使用組合式噴油泵上的手動(dòng)泵，向燃油系統(tǒng)壓注燃油,并旋松噴油泵上的放氣螺釘，或 旋松燃油濾清器上的放氣螺塞，排除燃油系統(tǒng)中的空氣，直至放空氣處一直流出的燃油無氣泡 后，將放氣螺釘或放氣螺塞旋緊。
?、?The first-use diesel engines or those having stopped over 5 days must be made 3 ?5 revolutions before starting, ensure that engine’s revolution is flexibility and no blocks or abnormal sound appear.
?、?對(duì)新機(jī)或停放5天以上未用的柴油機(jī)，起動(dòng)前應(yīng)先轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)曲軸3 ~5轉(zhuǎn)，確認(rèn)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)靈活，無 卡阻或異常聲響出現(xiàn)。
(2) Start diesel engine
(2) 柴油機(jī)的起動(dòng)
① Diesel engine can be started smoothly under environment temperature being at 0℃.
?、?該機(jī)可在不低于規(guī)定的環(huán)境溫度下順利起動(dòng)，常溫起動(dòng)最低環(huán)境溫度為0℃。
?、?Push the operational handle of governor to unload position, where the revolution is about 700 r/min.
② 噴油泵調(diào)速器操縱手柄推到“空載”（轉(zhuǎn)速為700 r/min左右）位置。
③ Switch on storage battery, and then press the starting button to start diesel engine.
?、?接通蓄電池電源，按下起動(dòng)按鈕，使柴油機(jī)起動(dòng)。
If diesel engine can not be started within 12 seconds, release starting button； try and make the second start after 2 minutes ；如果在12 s內(nèi)未能起動(dòng)，應(yīng)立即釋放按鈕，過2 min后再進(jìn)行第二次起動(dòng)；Diesel engine must be stopped after continuing start three times but failure, measures must be taken to settle the troubles.
如果連續(xù)3次不能起動(dòng)時(shí)，應(yīng)停止起動(dòng)，找出原因并排除故障后再進(jìn)行起動(dòng)。
?、?Release starting button after starting diesel engine successfully, and then inspect each kind of parameter to ensure all is normal, especially lube pressure meter. Diesel engine must work at 600 -750 r/min some time and inspect each part to ensure all in order.
?、?起動(dòng)成功后，應(yīng)立即釋放按鈕，同時(shí)注意各儀表讀數(shù)，特別是機(jī)油壓力表，不得低于規(guī)定 數(shù)值，然后讓柴油機(jī)在600 ~750 r/rnin的轉(zhuǎn)速下運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)一段時(shí)間，并檢查柴油機(jī)各部分運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)是 否正常。
⑤ Diesel engine allows to work at full of load unless water outlet temperature is higher 70T1, lube oil temperature higher 45℃, the pressure of lube oil higher 245 kPa.
?、?柴油機(jī)的出水溫度高于70℃，機(jī)油溫度高于45℃，機(jī)油壓カ高于245 kPa時(shí)才允許進(jìn)入全負(fù)荷運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。
(3) Stop diesel engine
(3) 柴油機(jī)的停車
?、?Normal stop
?、?正常停車
Unload the load from the electric net before generator engine being stopped, and then gradually adjust the governor’s manipulative handle to reduce its revolution till 700 ~ 1000 r/min, stop diesel engine after 3 ?5 minutes ’ work.
停車前，先卸去負(fù)荷，讓發(fā)電機(jī)退出電網(wǎng)，然后調(diào)節(jié)調(diào)速器操縱手柄，逐步降低轉(zhuǎn)速至700 ~ 1 000 r/min,運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)3 ~5 min后再撥動(dòng)停車手柄停車。
?、?Stop in emergency condition
?、?緊急停車
In the event of emergency diesel engine must be stopped in order to avoid happening serious trouble. Diesel engine should be stopped immediately through pulling out emergency handle to stop (towards flywheel).
在緊急或特殊情況下，為避免柴油機(jī)發(fā)生嚴(yán)重事故，可采取緊急停車。用手向后撥動(dòng)緊急 停車手柄（向發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)飛輪端方向），即可達(dá)到停車目的。
2. The operations of parallel manually, transferring load and distributing load2. 手動(dòng)并車、負(fù)栽轉(zhuǎn)移及分配的操作
(1) Turn the “MANUAL/AUTO” switch to “MANUAL” position.
(1) 將“手動(dòng)/自動(dòng)”轉(zhuǎn)換開關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)至“手動(dòng)”位置。
(2) Turn “SINGLE/PARALLEL” to “SINGLE” position.
(2) 將“單機(jī)/井機(jī)”轉(zhuǎn)換開關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)至“單機(jī)”位置。
(3) Turn the switch of “STAND/BY” unit to “0” position.
(3) 將機(jī)組備用選擇開關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)至“0”位置。
(4) After starting successively and running for a while in no-load revolution, then gradually add the enacting value of revolution until the frequency of an incoming generator is up to rating value (50 Hz) and voltage up to rating value (380 V); otherwise, please inspect the working condition of governor and voltage transformer.
(4) 起動(dòng)成功并空轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)行一段時(shí)間后,逐漸增加轉(zhuǎn)速設(shè)定值，直至待并機(jī)組的頻率達(dá)到額 定值(50 Hz)、電壓達(dá)到額定值(380 V)；否則，請分別檢查調(diào)速器和調(diào)壓器的工作情況。
(5) At this time, if the electric net is not supplying the power, please switch on main switch to supply electric recourse to the net; if the electric net is on power, the synchroscope’s switch turn to the incoming machine, adjust the enacting value of r/min according to the rotational direction of the synchroscope until the pointer rotates clockwise and slowly.
(5) 如此時(shí)船舶電網(wǎng)無電，則可立即合上發(fā)電機(jī)主開關(guān)，向電網(wǎng)供電;如此時(shí)電網(wǎng)有電，則 應(yīng)將同步表轉(zhuǎn)換開關(guān)轉(zhuǎn)至待并機(jī)組位置，視同步表的旋轉(zhuǎn)方向調(diào)整轉(zhuǎn)速設(shè)定值的大小，直至同 步表順時(shí)針緩慢旋轉(zhuǎn)為止。
(6) When the pointer of synchroscope rotates to the position before green lamp appearing, switch on main switch of generator； the advancing time of switch-on is decided by the extent of personal skill, generally it is 30 ?50.
(6) 當(dāng)同步表指針旋轉(zhuǎn)到出現(xiàn)綠燈之前一點(diǎn)，合上發(fā)電機(jī)主開關(guān);合閘提前量視個(gè)人的熟 練程度而異，通常3°~5°。
(7 ) After paralleling successively, the synchroscope must be shut off; then add load to the incoming generator gradually.
(7) 并車成功后，應(yīng)及時(shí)切除同步表，并逐漸増加待并機(jī)組的負(fù)荷。
(8) According to the actual load in the net, each unit should be distributed the reasonable load (generally load is distributed at average) , adjust the oil rack to increase the oil capacity to engine; the available power will be increased, vice versa. Unavailable power is adjusted automatically through average-voltager.
(8) 根據(jù)電網(wǎng)實(shí)際負(fù)載大小，合理分配各機(jī)組負(fù)荷（通常平均分配）。増加機(jī)組油門，會(huì) 提高本機(jī)組的有功功率，反之亦然；無功功率靠均壓器自動(dòng)調(diào)整。
3. Generator’switch-off and its stop
3. 發(fā)電機(jī)組的解列及停車
(1) Transfer load that wants to switch-off to the running unit until its power is near to zero.
(1) 將需解列機(jī)組的負(fù)荷轉(zhuǎn)移至其他運(yùn)行機(jī)組上，直至該機(jī)組的功率接近“0”為止。
(2) Press the main switch to switch off the unit, then the unit is disconnected from the net.
(2) 按下解列機(jī)組的分閘開關(guān)，將該機(jī)組從電網(wǎng)上解列；(3) Two kinds of stopping the engine. Method 1 is to close the controlling power for switch-off machine, at this time the enacting value is zero and engine stop immediately. Method 2 is to press the “START/STOP” button, and then the unit stops automatically after 15 seconds delay.
(3) 停機(jī)操作有兩種方法。方法一是將解列機(jī)組的控制電源關(guān)掉，此時(shí)該機(jī)組由于轉(zhuǎn)速 設(shè)定值為“0”而立即停機(jī);方法ニ是按下“START/STOP”按鈕，則延時(shí)15 s后機(jī)組自動(dòng)停機(jī)。
VI. The operational and managing attentions六、操作及管理時(shí)的注意事項(xiàng)
(1) Before starting, the system of cooling water, fuel oil and lube oil and air-compressed should be inspected to ensure all are in normal condition.
(1) 柴油機(jī)起動(dòng)前應(yīng)分別對(duì)冷卻水系統(tǒng)、燃油系統(tǒng)、滑油系統(tǒng)以及起動(dòng)壓縮系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行檢查，以確保各系統(tǒng)處于正?？捎脿顟B(tài)。
(2) After start, engine must be running at the speed of 600 ?700 r/min for a while to prevent the cooling water and lube oil temperature being lower and bring the unnecessary accident or wear. Before stop, engine also should be running at lower speed for a while to let cooling water increases gradually to avoid the serious accident owning to the difference in temperature.
(2) 起動(dòng)后應(yīng)立即檢查滑油壓力，一般進(jìn)機(jī)壓カ為0. 15 -0.45 MPa之間，檢查各管路連 接處有無泄漏,傾聽柴油機(jī)有無異常聲響，保證柴油機(jī)無振動(dòng)現(xiàn)象。
(3) After start lube oil pressure should be checked up immediately and its value must be between 0.15 ?0.45 MPa, inspect the connections between pipes to ensure no leakage appearing, no abnormal sound happens, vibration is not happening.
(3) 起動(dòng)成功后應(yīng)讓柴油機(jī)在600 -700 r/min運(yùn)行一段時(shí)間，防止冷卻水及滑油溫度過 低造成不必要的磨損或事故;停車之前應(yīng)讓柴油機(jī)在較低轉(zhuǎn)速運(yùn)行一段時(shí)間，保證水溫及滑油 逐漸下降，避免溫差過大造成事故。
(4) In the event of the operations of parallel manually, transferring load, distributing load, the phenomenon of reverse-power and overload should be avoid.
(4) 發(fā)電機(jī)組在進(jìn)行手動(dòng)并車、解列及負(fù)載轉(zhuǎn)移時(shí)，應(yīng)避免出現(xiàn)機(jī)組逆功率及超負(fù)荷現(xiàn)象。
?、? Training requirements
七、訓(xùn)練要求
Students should be finished each kind of operation which is required in the operational contents independently, and master all attentive items of the equipment operations.
在教師的指導(dǎo)下,學(xué)員應(yīng)獨(dú)立完成操作內(nèi)容中規(guī)定的各項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練要求,并完全掌握操作時(shí)的 各種注意事項(xiàng)。
?、? Reasoning subjects
八、思考題
(1) Please analyze the reasons that generating engine can turn, but always can not succeed to start.
(1) 請分析發(fā)電柴油機(jī)在起動(dòng)時(shí)，柴油機(jī)可以轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，但始終無法起動(dòng)成功的可能原因。
(2) Combination with practical devices, please analyze how to adjust the temperature for 4135 engine’s cylinder cooling water; how to adjust the lube oil pressure?
(2) 結(jié)合實(shí)際設(shè)備，請分析4135發(fā)電柴油機(jī)缸套冷卻水的調(diào)溫方法、滑油壓カ的調(diào)節(jié)方法。
IX. The practical report
九、訓(xùn)練實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告
The requirement and format oi practical report is compiled m another mode.
實(shí)習(xí)報(bào)告的要求和格式另行成冊。
