Avogadro’s number: The number of atoms in 12g of the pure isotope 12C; i.e. the reciprocal of the atomic mass unit in grams. It is also by definition the number of molecules (or atoms, ions, electrons) in a molar of any substance and has the value of 6.022 52×1023/mol.
阿伏伽德羅常數(shù)：12克純同位素12 C中的原子的數(shù)目；也就是以克為單位的原子質(zhì)量 的倒數(shù)。按定義，它也是1摩爾任何物質(zhì)中分子（或原子、離子、電子）的數(shù)目，其數(shù)值 為 6.022 6.022 52×1023/摩爾.
Binding energy： All nuclei have rest masses less than the total rest mass of their constituent protons and neutrons. The mass difference m is the mass defect. This arises because all nucleons bound to the nuclei must have negative energy (potential well). So if free nucleons are combined to form a nucleus, the total energy of the system must decrease by an amount 5, the binding energy of the nucleus.
結(jié)合能：所有原子核的靜質(zhì)量都比它們的組分質(zhì)子和中子的總靜質(zhì)量小，這個(gè)質(zhì)量差值 m稱為質(zhì)量虧損。這是由于束縛在原子核中的所有核子必定具有負(fù)能（勢(shì)井），于是，如果自 由核子要結(jié)合成核，系統(tǒng)的總能量就必須減少隊(duì)這就是原子核的結(jié)合能。
CANDU: Canadian Deuterium and Uranium reactor.
加拿大重水鈾反應(yīng)堆。
Chemical bond： The linkage between two atoms； as a rule, it consists of a pair of shared electrons.
化學(xué)鍵：兩原子之間的鍵合；通常是由ー對(duì)共享電子組成。
Coulomb force: Electrostatic attraction or repulsion between two charged particles.
庫侖力：兩個(gè)帶電粒子之間的靜電吸引或排斥的力。
Electromagnetic radiation： The emission and propagation of electromagnetic energy from a source including long waves, heat radiations, light, X-rays and y-rays.
電磁輻射：源自包括長波、熱輻射、光波、X射線和Y射線的電磁能的發(fā)射和傳播。
Electron： A negatively charged particle which is present in every atom； beta rays consist of free electrons ； the mass of an electron at rest is 9.107×10-28g and its charge is 4.774×l0-10electrostatic unit.
電子：見于每個(gè)原子內(nèi)的一種負(fù)電荷粒子；β射線由自由電子組成；靜止的電子質(zhì)量為 9.107×10-28克，其電荷為4.774β10-10靜電單位。
Excited nuclei： The nuclei raised to an excited state with an excess of energy over its ground state. Nuclear reactions frequently leave the product nuclei in an excited state.
激發(fā)態(tài)核：帶有超過基態(tài)能量的核，核反應(yīng)往往造成核處于激發(fā)態(tài)。
Fission: The spontaneous or induced disintegration of a heavy atomic nucleus into two or more lighter fragments. T:ie energy released in the process is referred to as nuclear energy.
裂變：自發(fā)的或某種原因引起的重原子核分裂成兩個(gè)或多個(gè)較輕碎片的分裂過程。這個(gè) 過程釋放的能量稱為核能。
Isotopes: Atoms of the same element winch have the same atomic numbers and chemical properties, but different atomic masses; for example, uranium -235 and uranium -238.
同位素：同一元素中原子序數(shù)和化學(xué)性質(zhì)相同，但原子質(zhì)量不同的原子，如鈾-235和 鈾-238。
Mass defect: The difference between the mass of an atom and the sum of the masses of its constituent particles.
質(zhì)量虧損：原子的質(zhì)量與組成這個(gè)原子的各粒子質(zhì)量之和的差值。
Neutron: A neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atom, which has about the same mass as a proton.
中子：存在于原子核中的中性粒子，其質(zhì)量與質(zhì)子的質(zhì)量近乎相等。
Nucleon: A constituent of the nucleus of the atom, proton or neutron.
核子：原子核的一個(gè)組成部分，質(zhì)子或中子。
Nucleus： Composed of protons (positively charged) and neutrons (no charge), and constitutes practically all the mass of the atom. Its charge equals the atomic number； its diameter is from 10-15 to 10-14m.
原子核：由質(zhì)子（帶正電）和中子（不帶電）組成，它幾乎構(gòu)成了原子的所有質(zhì)量。它 的電荷等于原子序數(shù)；直徑從10-15到10-14米。
Proton： A positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom； its charge is equal but opposite to that of an electron； its mass is 1.672×l0-24g.
質(zhì)子：原子核內(nèi)帶正電荷的粒子，其電荷與電子所帶電荷數(shù)量相等，極性相反，其質(zhì)量 為 1.672×10-24 克。
Annihilation: Spontaneous conversion of a particle and its antiparticle into radiation e.g. positron and electron yielding two γ-ray photons each of energy 0.511 Me V.
湮滅：粒子及其反粒子變?yōu)檩椛涞淖园l(fā)轉(zhuǎn)換，例如正電子和電子產(chǎn)生兩個(gè)能量各為 0.511 MeV的γ射線光子。
Bohr theory： The theory on explanation of the structure and behavior of atoms, representing them as consisting of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by planetary negative electrons revolving in definite orbits; when an electron jumps to a smaller orbit, monochromatic radiation is emitted.
玻爾理論：闡明原子結(jié)構(gòu)和行為的理論，它假設(shè)原子中的負(fù)電子像行星一樣按確定的軌 道繞帶正電的核運(yùn)動(dòng)，當(dāng)一個(gè)電子躍遷到較小的軌道時(shí)，就放出單色輻射。
Bremsstrahlung： Electromagnetic radiation emitted when a charged particle changes its velocity. Thus when electrons collide with a target and suffer laree decelerations, the X-radiation emitted constitutes the continuous X-ray spectrum.
韌致輻射：帶電粒子速度改變時(shí)發(fā)射的電磁輻射，因而當(dāng)電子撞擊一個(gè)靶并經(jīng)受很大減 速度時(shí)，所發(fā)射的X輻射構(gòu)成連續(xù)X射線譜。
Compton scattering: Elastic scattering of photons, i.e. scattering in which both momentum and energy are conserved. A change in the direction of travel of a photon due to the interaction between the photon and the medium.
康普頓散射：光子的弾性散射，即動(dòng)量和能量都守恒的散射。由于光子和介質(zhì)之間的相互作用，使光子運(yùn)動(dòng)方向發(fā)生改變。
Cosmic rays: Strongly penetrating rays, discovered by Milliken in 1925, coming from beyond the earth’s atmosphere and containing particles that move at extremely high speed.
宇宙射線：穿透カ很強(qiáng)的射線，1925年由密利根發(fā)現(xiàn)，來自地球大氣層之外，含有極高速度運(yùn)動(dòng)的粒子。
Decay: The process of spontaneous transformation of a radionuclide.
衰變：放射性核素自然蛻變的過程。
Ion pair: A positive ion and a negative ion or electron, having charges of the same magnitude, and formed from a neutral atom or molecule by the action of radiation or by any other agency that supplies energy.
離子對(duì)：由于輻射或任何其他能提供能量的媒介的作用，從中性原子或分子上產(chǎn)生的一個(gè)正離子和一個(gè)等電荷的負(fù)離子或電子。
Ionization: An electrically neutral atom or molecule acquiring a charge.
電離（作用）：一中性原子或分子獲得電荷的過程。
Kinetic energy: The ability of a moving body to perform work.
動(dòng)能：運(yùn)動(dòng)物體做功的能力。
Particle accelerator: A device in which atomic particles are speeded up by the application oi electric and magnetic fields; for example, cyclotron and cosmotron.
粒子加速器：一種利用電場(chǎng)和磁場(chǎng)的作用將原子中的粒子加速的裝置，如回旋加速器和 質(zhì)子同步加速器。
Photon: A light quantum； a unit of light or other radiant energy; the energy emitted when an electron is transferred from an inner orbit of the atom to the next.
光子，光量子：光或其他輻射能的單位；電子由一個(gè)內(nèi)層軌道轉(zhuǎn)入另一個(gè)軌道時(shí)放出的 能量。
Positron： Positron electron, of the same mass as and opposite charge to the electron, produced m the decay oi radio-isotopes and pair production by X-rays of energy much greater than 1 MeV.
正電子：正電子和電子有相同的質(zhì)量和相反的電荷，產(chǎn)生于放射性同位素的衰變以及能 量遠(yuǎn)大于1 MeV的X射線導(dǎo)致的電子偶生成中。
Radioactivity： The spontaneous uncontrollable disintegration of the nucleus of an atom with the emission of α, β and/orγrays.
放射性：原子核自發(fā)的難以控制的衰變，放射出α,β和/或γ射線。
Vacuum tube： Thermionic tube； an evacuated tube containing a heated electron-emitting cathode, an anode that receives the electrons, and additional electrodes that control the flow of electrons from the cathode to the anode.
真空管：熱離子管，熱電子管；一種被抽成真空的管，含有一個(gè)加熱發(fā)射電子的陰極， 一個(gè)接受電子的陽極和附加用于控制從陰極到陽極電子流量的電極。
Burnable poison: Neutron absorber introduced into reactor system to reduce initial reactivity but becoming progressively less effective as bum-up proceeds. This helps to counteract the fall in reactivity as the fuel is burned up.
可燃毒物：ー種中子吸收劑，放入反應(yīng)堆系統(tǒng)中，用以降低初始反應(yīng)性，而后在燃耗過 程中它的有效性逐漸降低。它可用來補(bǔ)償由于燃料消耗而造成的反應(yīng)性下降。
Burnup： ?In nuclear fuel, amount of fissile material burned up as a percentage of total fissile material originally present. (2)Of fuel element performance, the amount of heat released from a given amount of fuel, expressed as megawatt days per tonne.
燃耗：①在核燃料中，燒掉的可裂變材料與初始存在的總可裂變材料的百分比。②給定 量燃料中所釋放出的熱量，以（MW ? d/t)表示，作為燃料性能的描述。
Cladding: Thin protective layer, usually metallic, of reactor fuel units to contain fission products and to prevent contacting between fuel ana coolant.
包殼：通常是金屬材料制成，包容裂變產(chǎn)物和防止燃料和冷卻劑接觸，是反應(yīng)堆燃料的 保護(hù)層。
Coolant: The gas, liquid or liquid metal circulates through a reactor core to carry the heat generated in it by fission and radioactive decay to steam generators.
冷卻劑：循環(huán)流過反應(yīng)堆堆芯，將裂變和放射性衰變產(chǎn)生的熱傳輸?shù)秸羝l(fā)生器去的氣 體、液體或液態(tài)金屬。
Fertile isotope: A nonfissionable isotope in a nuclear reactor which can be converted by the capture of a neutron into fissile isotope.
増殖同位素：在反應(yīng)堆中通過俘獲一個(gè)中子能轉(zhuǎn)換為易裂變同位素的非裂變同位素。
Graphite： Naturally occurring allotropic form of carbon; used as moderator in nuclear reactors.
石墨：天然存在的同素異形碳，在反應(yīng)堆中作慢化劑。
Heavy water： Deuterium oxide D2O; its chemical properties are the same as those of water but its physical properties are different.
重水：氧化氘D2O,重水的化學(xué)性質(zhì)與普通水相同，但其物理性質(zhì)有所區(qū)別。
Moderator: A substance, such as graphite, paraffin, water or heavy water, used in a nuclear reactor to slow down neutrons.
慢化劑：在核反應(yīng)堆中用來減慢中子速度的物質(zhì)，如石墨、石蠟、水或重水等。
Plutonium: A radioactive element formed by the loss of an electron from the nucleus of neptunium； chemical symbol Pu； atomic number 94.
钚：一種放射性元素，由镎的原子核失去一個(gè)電子而形成，化學(xué)符號(hào)Pu,原子序數(shù)94。
Reactivity： The departure of the multiplication constant of a reactor from unity, measured in different ways.
反應(yīng)性：反應(yīng)堆倍增系數(shù)與1的差額，可用不同的方法來度量。
Sintering: Compacting metal powder into a continuous mass by compressing and then heating below the fusion temperature； the particles are held together oy cohesive force.
燒結(jié)：通過壓縮將金屬粉末壓實(shí)成一個(gè)連續(xù)的物質(zhì)，然后以低于熔化溫度進(jìn)行加熱，顆 粒因黏聚カ而結(jié)合在一起。
Swelling: Change of volume of fuel which may occur during irradiation.
腫脹：燃料受輻照時(shí)可能發(fā)生的體積變化。
Thorium： A Corrosion-resistant, ductile dark-gray radioactive metal； chemical symbol Th； atomic number 90.
令土： ー種耐腐蝕，有延性的深灰色放射性金屬，化學(xué)符號(hào)Th;原子序數(shù)90。
Wigner energy: Energy stored within a crystalline substance. Changes in physical properties of graphite resulting from the displacement of lattice atoms by high-energy neutrons and other energetic particles in a graphite reactor.
維格納能量：儲(chǔ)存在晶體物質(zhì)中的能量。在石墨堆中石墨由于受到高能中子和其他常能 量粒子的作用，造成點(diǎn)陣原子位移而引起的物理性質(zhì)改變。
Zirconium： A metallic element, symbol Zr, atomic number 40, atomic mass 91.22, melting point 2130K. Its low neutron absorption and its retention oi mechanical properties at high temperature make it an useful construction material of nuclear reactors.
鋯：金屬元素，符號(hào)Zr,原子序數(shù)40,原子質(zhì)量91.22,熔點(diǎn)2130K。由于其中子吸收 截面很低，且高溫下能保證其機(jī)械性能，因此它是反應(yīng)堆中重要的結(jié)構(gòu)材料。
Blanket: Region of fertile material surrounding reactor core in which the neutrons leaking from the core breed more fissile fuel, e.g. 233U from thorium.
再生區(qū)：在反應(yīng)堆堆芯周圍放置可轉(zhuǎn)換材料的區(qū)域，由堆芯泄漏出的中子在這里增殖出 更多的易裂變材料，例如由釷變成233U。
Breeding ratio： In a reactor, a comparison between the amount of the new fissionable fuel produced and the amount consumed during fission.
增殖比: 在核反應(yīng)堆中，新產(chǎn)生的易裂變?nèi)剂狭颗c裂變過程中消耗的燃料量的比值。
Chain reaction: A reaction which, once “triggered”, continue to supply enough energy and particles to continue the reaction.
鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)：這種反應(yīng)一旦觸發(fā)，會(huì)連續(xù)的提供足夠的能量和粒子以繼續(xù)進(jìn)行反應(yīng)。
Critical size： the minimum size of a nuclear reactor core required to sustain a chain reaction.
臨界尺寸：能夠維持鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)的最小核反應(yīng)堆堆芯尺寸。
Criticality： State in nuclear reactor when multiplication factor for neutron flux reaches unity and external neutron supply is no longer required to maintain power level, i.e. chain reaction is self-sustaining.
臨界：核反應(yīng)堆中子通量的增殖系數(shù)達(dá)到1,且不再需要外加中子源來維持功率水平的 狀態(tài)，即此時(shí)鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)可以自持。
Depleted uranium: Sample of uranium having less than its natural content of 235U.
貧鈾：其235U含量低于天然鈾中235U含量的鈾。
Enriched uranium: Uranium in which the proportion of the fissile isotope 235U has been increased above its natural abundance.
濃縮鈾：可裂變同位素235U所占的比例増加到它的天然豐度以上的鈾。
Fertile material： The isotope in a nuclear reactor which can be converted by the capture of a neutron into fissile isotope, e.g. 238U is converted by series of reactions into 239Pu.
增殖材料：同位素中可以通過在核反應(yīng)堆中俘獲ー個(gè)中子轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)橐琢炎兺凰氐牟牧希?例如238U通過一系列反應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)換成239Pu。
Fission neutron： Those released by nuclear fission, having a continuous spectrum of energy.
裂變中子：核裂變釋放的，具有連續(xù)能譜的中子。
Fuel cycle： The stages involved in the supply and use of fuel in nuclear power plant. The main steps are mining, milling, extraction, purification, enrichment, fuel fabrication, irradiation in the reactor, cooling, reprocessing, recycling, and waste management and disposal.
燃料循環(huán)：指核動(dòng)カ裝置中燃料供應(yīng)和使用的全部過程。主要涉及的步驟為釆礦、礦石 加工、提煉、精制、富集、燃料制造、堆內(nèi)輻照、冷卻、后處理、再循環(huán)和廢物管理及處置。
Multiplication factor： The ratio of the average number of neutrons produced by fission in one neutron lifetime to the total number of neutrons absorbed and leaking out in the same interval.
倍増系數(shù)：在中子的壽命中裂變產(chǎn)生的平均中子數(shù)與在同一時(shí)期內(nèi)被吸收和泄漏出的中 子數(shù)之比。
Thermal neutrons： Neutrons of a very low speed and energy; their energy is of the same order as that of the substance through which they are passing: they are responsible for various nuclear action.
熱中子：速度和能量都很低的中子；其能級(jí)與它們所通過的物質(zhì)的能級(jí)相同；它們可以 引起各種核反應(yīng)。
Thermal reactor： One for which the fission chain reaction is propagated mainly by thermal neutrons and therefore contains a moderator.
熱堆：裂變鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)主要是由于熱中子引起的反應(yīng)堆，所以一定要有慢化劑。
Base load: That part of the total load on an electrical power system which is applied, where possible, by the most efficient connected generating station, the remaining peak load being supplied intermittently by the more expensive stations.
基本負(fù)荷：電カ系統(tǒng)的總負(fù)荷中由效率最高的發(fā)電廠供給的那一部分負(fù)荷，剩下的高峰 負(fù)荷則間斷地由較不經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)電廠供給。
Breeder reactor: One which produces more fissile material than is consumed in operation. Fast reactor can be so designed.
增殖反應(yīng)堆：一種產(chǎn)生的裂變材料量多于消耗量的反應(yīng)堆。快中子反應(yīng)堆可設(shè)計(jì)成增殖堆。
Fast neutron: A neutron that has an energy level higher than 100 000 electron volts.
快中子：能量大于0.lMeV的中子。
Fast reactor: One reactor without moderator in which chain reaction is maintained almost entirely by fast fission.
快中子反應(yīng)堆：沒有慢化劑，幾乎全部由快中子裂變維持鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)的反應(yīng)堆。
Fission Products: Radioactive atoms result from nuclear fission. They have masses of roughly half of that of the fissile nucleus.
裂變產(chǎn)物：核裂變產(chǎn)生的放射性原子。它們的質(zhì)量大約是原裂變核的一半。
Reactor： Nuclear reactor, pile, a device in which controllable chain reactions take place to produce nuclear energy, it contains the fuel which undergoes fission when bombarded by neutrons and which then produces more neutrons to maintain the chain reaction.
反應(yīng)堆：核反應(yīng)堆；也稱堆；可控制的鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)在其中產(chǎn)生核能的裝置；反應(yīng)堆含有經(jīng) 中子轟擊后發(fā)生裂變產(chǎn)生更多的中子的燃料從而使鏈?zhǔn)椒磻?yīng)持續(xù)下去。
Reflector: A scattering substance surrounding the core of a nuclear reactor, used for reducing the loss of neutrons due to leakage, and thus making the critical dimensions of the reactor smaller.
反射層：散布于核反應(yīng)堆堆芯周圍的ー種物質(zhì)，用于減少泄漏的中子量，因此也縮小了 反應(yīng)堆的臨界尺寸。
Shield： Screen used to protect persons or equipment from y-rays, neutrons etc. In a nuclear reactor the shield surrounds it to prevent the escape of neutrons and radiation into a protected area.
屏蔽：使人和設(shè)備與y射線、中子等隔開的屏障。在核反應(yīng)堆中圍繞它的屏蔽是為防止 中子和輻射進(jìn)入被保護(hù)區(qū)。
Spent fuel: Reactor fuel elements which must be replaced due to bursting, bum-up or depletion, poisoning by fission fragments, or swelling. The fissile material is not exhausted and so-called spent fuel is normally subsequently reprocessed.
乏燃料：由于破裂、燃耗或貧化、裂變產(chǎn)物的中毒或腫脹而必須更換的反應(yīng)堆燃料元件。 在這種燃料中易裂變?nèi)剂喜]有耗盡，所謂的乏燃料通常要被再處理。
